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Prior to the thirteenth century, a raped woman had to be a wealthy, propertied virgin to have legal recourse against her attacker. However, to receive legal justice, a victim had to be born into the privileged classes: “…if a member of the feudal class committed his crimes against anyone other than the king or a great lord, he was fairly safe from prosecution, or at least from punishment,” wrote Sidney Painter in History of the Middle Ages. Throughout English history, punishment for rape included castration or death of the rapist. For instance, ancient Hebrew women who were raped were considered defiled, and stoned to death. Very often the raped woman would also be punished as an adulteress, regardless of her lack of complicity in the assault. Punishment was delivered to a man who damaged the husband’s property – his wife – by rape. Rape was initially considered a crime only in terms of the property violation of another man. In most cultures, marriages were arranged when the groom purchased the bride from her father. Like taking land, men took women as an act of aggression an affirmation of their strength and masculinity. Throughout most of history, rape was not viewed as a crime because women were considered property, and, therefore, without rights. According to Susan Brownmiller in Against Our Will, “Concepts of hierarchy, slavery and private property flowed from, and could only be predicated upon, the initial subjugation of women.” 1 This ownership revolved around possessions and without a wife, his lineage would end. Owning property and gaining wealth were considered marks of manhood. The word “rape” is derived from the Latin rapere, meaning “to steal, seize, or carry away.” Forcible seizure and rape were accepted methods of claiming a wife in early history – and, in some cultures, this still occurs. Like all significant changes in the evolution of human history, the Anti-rape Movement is – on the one hand – a manifestation of the gradual progress of an evolving culture and – at the same time – a noticeable shift in the prevailing norms, mores and beliefs of that culture.
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The anti-rape movement of the 1970's did not materialize from thin air.